HomeCLINCAL SUBJECTSLIPPINCOTT MANUAL OF NURSING PRACTICE Tenth Edition eBook PDF Free Download
LIPPINCOTT MANUAL OF NURSING PRACTICE Tenth Edition eBook PDF Free Download
Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Author:, Date: 23 Apr 2011, Views: In an easy-to-read outline format, this clinically focused guide covers all disorders and patient problems in Medical-Surgical, Maternal-Neonatal, Pediatric, and Psychiatric nursing, and includes over 150 step-by-step procedures. Bring new expertise to your patient care with the brand new edition of the Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice, the most complete nursing manual ever! A classic text since it was first published in 1974, the Lippincott Manual for Nursing Practice has provided essential nursing knowledge and up-to-date information on patient care for nearly 40 years. Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice 10th Edition eBook PDF Free. WALL ART DIGITAL FILE This listing is for an INSTANT DOWNLOAD DIGITAL FILES.
LIPPINCOTT MANUAL OF NURSING PRACTICE Tenth Edition eBook PDF Free Download I have been involved in direct patient care, clinical education and
training, and heath policy leadership for over 35 years. I have been paid to care for patients inside and outside of the hospital, in medical offices, in long-term care facilities, and in homes. I have volunteered to mentor nursing students, provide health care for the homeless, and work at state and national levels to change nursing regulations and statutes. My experiences have been fulfilling, rewarding, exciting at times, and exhausting much of the time. It has been worth every minute, knowing the number of patients I have helped improve their health. It is also gratifying knowing that I played a part in training many nurses who are providing excellent care in many settings.
training, and heath policy leadership for over 35 years. I have been paid to care for patients inside and outside of the hospital, in medical offices, in long-term care facilities, and in homes. I have volunteered to mentor nursing students, provide health care for the homeless, and work at state and national levels to change nursing regulations and statutes. My experiences have been fulfilling, rewarding, exciting at times, and exhausting much of the time. It has been worth every minute, knowing the number of patients I have helped improve their health. It is also gratifying knowing that I played a part in training many nurses who are providing excellent care in many settings.
I now present the 10th edition of the Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice with a challenge. This manual is meant to guide students and nurses in every setting and specialty to provide excellent patient care. I also present this book as a way for nurses to use best practices to help train and mentor other nurses.
This new edition continues to follow a basic outline format for easy readability and access of information.
The subheadings con-tinue to follow a medical modelPathophysiology and Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Evaluation, Management, and Complications—and a nursing process model—Nursing Assessment, Nursing Diagnoses, Nursing Interventions, Community and Home Care Considerations, Patient Education and Health Maintenance, and Evaluation: Expected Outcomes. Medical model information is presented because nurses need to understand the medical disorder, diagnostic workup, and treatment that are the basis for nursing care. The nursing process section provides a practical overview of step-by-step nursing care for almost any patient scenario.
This edition is divided into five parts to present a comprehensive reference for all types of nursing care. Part One discusses the role of the nurse in the health care delivery system. It comprises chapters on Nursing Practice and the Nursing Process, Standards of Care and Ethical and Legal Issues, Health Promotion and Preventative Care, and Genetics and Health Applications.
LIPPINCOTT MANUAL OF NURSING PRACTICE Tenth Edition eBook PDF Free Download
Part Two encompasses medical-surgical nursing. General topics are presented in Unit I, including Adult Physical Assessment, Intravenous Therapy, Perioperative Nursing, Cancer Nursing, and Care of the Older or Disabled Adult. Units II through XII deal with body system function and dysfunction and the various disorders seen in adult medical and surgical nursing.
LIPPINCOTT MANUAL OF NURSING PRACTICE Tenth Edition eBook PDF Free Download
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Ovulation | |
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Following a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), an oocyte (immature egg cell) will be released into the uterine tube, where it will then be available to be fertilized by a male's sperm. Ovulation marks the end of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the start of the luteal phase. | |
Identifiers | |
MeSH | D010060 |
Anatomical terminology |
Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries. In humans, this event occurs when the ovarian follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte ovarian cells.[1] After ovulation, during the luteal phase, the egg will be available to be fertilized by sperm. In addition, the uterine lining (endometrium) is thickened to be able to receive a fertilized egg. If no conception occurs, the uterine lining as well as blood will be shed during menstruation.[2]
- 1In humans
In humans[edit]
Ovulation occurs about midway through the menstrual cycle, after the follicular phase, and is followed by the luteal phase. Note that ovulation is characterized by a sharp spike in levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), resulting from the peak of estrogen levels during the follicular phase.
This diagram shows the hormonal changes around the time of ovulation, as well as the inter-cycle and inter-female variabilities in its timing.
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In humans, ovulation occurs about midway through the menstrual cycle, after the follicular phase. The few days surrounding ovulation (from approximately days 10 to 18 of a 28-day cycle), constitute the most fertile phase.[3][4][5][6] The time from the beginning of the last menstrual period (LMP) until ovulation is, on average, 14.6[7] days, but with substantial variation between females and between cycles in any single female, with an overall 95% prediction interval of 8.2 to 20.5[7] days.
The process of ovulation is controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain and through the release of hormones secreted in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).[8] In the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, the ovarian follicle will undergo a series of transformations called cumulus expansion, which is stimulated by FSH. After this is done, a hole called the stigma will form in the follicle, and the secondary oocyte will leave the follicle through this hole. Ovulation is triggered by a spike in the amount of FSH and LH released from the pituitary gland. During the luteal (post-ovulatory) phase, the secondary oocyte will travel through the fallopian tubes toward the uterus. If fertilized by a sperm, the fertilized secondary oocyte or ovum may implant there 6–12 days later.[9]
Follicular phase[edit]
The follicular phase (or proliferative phase) is the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the ovarian follicles mature. The follicular phase lasts from the beginning of menstruation to the start of ovulation.[10][11]
For ovulation to be successful, the ovum must be supported by the corona radiata and cumulus oophorousgranulosa cells. The latter undergo a period of proliferation and mucification known as cumulus expansion. Mucification is the secretion of a hyaluronic acid-rich cocktail that disperses and gathers the cumulus cell network in a sticky matrix around the ovum. This network stays with the ovum after ovulation and has been shown to be necessary for fertilization.[12][13]
An increase in cumulus cell number causes a concomitant increase in antrum fluid volume that can swell the follicle to over 20 mm in diameter. It forms a pronounced bulge at the surface of the ovary called the blister.[citation needed]
Ovulation[edit]
Estrogen levels peak towards the end of the follicular phase. This causes a surge in levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This lasts from 24 to 36 hours, and results in the rupture of the ovarian follicles, causing the oocyte to be released from the ovary.[14]
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Through a signal transduction cascade initiated by LH, proteolytic enzymes are secreted by the follicle that degrade the follicular tissue at the site of the blister, forming a hole called the stigma. Need for speed shift 2. The secondary oocyte leaves the ruptured follicle and moves out into the peritoneal cavity through the stigma, where it is caught by the fimbriae at the end of the fallopian tube. After entering the fallopian tube, the oocyte is pushed along by cilia, beginning its journey toward the uterus.[8]
By this time, the oocyte has completed meiosis I, yielding two cells: the larger secondary oocyte that contains all of the cytoplasmic material and a smaller, inactive first polar body. Meiosis II follows at once but will be arrested in the metaphase and will so remain until fertilization. The spindle apparatus of the second meiotic division appears at the time of ovulation. If no fertilization occurs, the oocyte will degenerate between 12 and 24 hours after ovulation.[15] Approximately 1-2% of ovulations release more than one oocyte. This tendency increases with maternal age. Fertilization of two different oocytes by two different spermatozoa results in fraternal twins.[8]
The mucous membrane of the uterus, termed the functionalis, has reached its maximum size, and so have the endometrial glands, although they are still non-secretory.[citation needed]
Luteal phase[edit]
The follicle proper has met the end of its lifespan. Without the oocyte, the follicle folds inward on itself, transforming into the corpus luteum (pl. corpora lutea), a steroidogenic cluster of cells that produces estrogen and progesterone. These hormones induce the endometrial glands to begin production of the proliferative endometrium and later into secretory endometrium, the site of embryonic growth if implantation occurs. The action of progesterone increases basal body temperature by one-quarter to one-half degree Celsius (one-half to one degree Fahrenheit). The corpus luteum continues this paracrine action for the remainder of the menstrual cycle, maintaining the endometrium, before disintegrating into scar tissue during menses.[16]
Clinical presentation[edit]
The start of ovulation can be detected by signs. Because the signs are not readily discernible by people other than the female, humans are said to have a concealed ovulation. In many animal species there are distinctive signals indicating the period when the female is fertile. Several explanations have been proposed to explain concealed ovulation in humans.
Females near ovulation experience changes in the cervical mucus, and in their basal body temperature. Furthermore, many females experience secondary fertility signs including Mittelschmerz (pain associated with ovulation) and a heightened sense of smell, and can sense the precise moment of ovulation.[17][18]
Many females experience heightened sexual desire in the several days immediately before ovulation.[19] One study concluded that females subtly improve their facial attractiveness during ovulation.[20]
Chance of fertilization by day relative to ovulation.[21]
Symptoms related to the onset of ovulation, the moment of ovulation and the body's process of beginning and ending the menstrual cycle vary in intensity with each female but are fundamentally the same. The charting of such symptoms — primarily basal body temperature, mittelschmerz and cervical position — is referred to as the sympto-thermal method of fertility awareness, which allow auto-diagnosis by a female of her state of ovulation. Once training has been given by a suitable authority, fertility charts can be completed on a cycle-by-cycle basis to show ovulation. This gives the possibility of using the data to predict fertility for natural contraception and pregnancy planning.
The moment of ovulation has been photographed.[22]
Disorders[edit]
Disorders of ovulation are classified as menstrual disorders and include oligoovulation and anovulation:
- Oligoovulation is infrequent or irregular ovulation (usually defined as cycles of greater than 36 days or fewer than 8 cycles a year)
- Anovulation is absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected (in a post-menarchal, premenopausal female). Anovulation usually manifests itself as irregularity of menstrual periods, that is, unpredictable variability of intervals, duration, or bleeding. Anovulation can also cause cessation of periods (secondary amenorrhea) or excessive bleeding (dysfunctional uterine bleeding).
The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed the following classification of ovulatory disorders:[23]
- WHO group I: Hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis failure
- WHO group II: Hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction. WHO group II is the most common cause of ovulatory disorders, and the most common causative member is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).[24]
- WHO group III: Ovarian failure
- WHO group IV: Hyperprolactinemia
Ovulation induction[edit]
Ovulation induction is a promising assisted reproductive technology for patients with conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and oligomenorrhea. It is also used in in vitro fertilization to make the follicles mature before egg retrieval. Usually, ovarian stimulation is used in conjunction with ovulation induction to stimulate the formation of multiple oocytes.[25] Some sources[25] include ovulation induction in the definition of ovarian stimulation.
A low dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) may be injected after completed ovarian stimulation. Ovulation will occur between 24–36 hours after the HCG injection.[25]
By contrast, induced ovulation in some animal species occurs naturally, ovulation can be stimulated by coitus.[26]
Ovulation suppression[edit]
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Combined hormonal contraceptives inhibit follicular development and prevent ovulation as a primary mechanism of action.[27] The ovulation-inhibiting dose (OID) of an estrogen or progestogen refers to the dose required to consistently inhibit ovulation in women.[28]
In assisted reproductive technology including in vitro fertilization, cycles where a transvaginal oocyte retrieval is planned generally necessitates ovulation suppression, because it is not practically feasible to collect oocytes after ovulation. For this purpose, ovulation can be suppressed by either a GnRH agonist or a GnRH antagonist, with different protocols depending on which substance is used.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^Ovulation Test at Duke Fertility Center. Retrieved July 2, 2011
- ^Young, Barbara (2006). Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas (5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 359. ISBN9780443068508. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ^Chaudhuri, S.K. (2007). 'Natural Methods of Contraception'. Practice of Fertility Control: A Comprehensive Manual, 7/e. Elsevier India. p. 49. ISBN9788131211502. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ^Allen, Denise (2004). Managing Motherhood, Managing Risk: Fertility and Danger in West Central Tanzania. University of Michigan Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN9780472030279. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ^Rosenthal, Martha (2012). Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society. Cengage Learning. p. 322. ISBN9780618755714. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ^Nichter, Mark; Nichter, Mimi (1996). 'Cultural Notions of Fertility in South Asia and Their Influence on Sri Lankan Family Planning Practices'. In Nichter, Mark; Nichter, Mimi (eds.). Anthropology & International Health: South Asian Case Studies. Psychology Press. pp. 8–11. ISBN9782884491716. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ^ abGeirsson RT (1991). 'Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment'. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1 (3): 212–9. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1991.01030212.x. PMID12797075.[1]
- ^ abcMarieb, Elaine (2013). Anatomy & physiology. Benjamin-Cummings. p. 915. ISBN9780321887603.
- ^Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR (1999). 'Time of implantation of the Conceptus and loss of pregnancy'. New England Journal of Medicine. 340 (23): 1796–1799. doi:10.1056/NEJM199906103402304. PMID10362823.
- ^Littleton, Lynna A.; Engebretson, Joan C. (2004-10-14). Maternity Nursing Care. Cengage Learning. p. 195. ISBN9781401811921. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ^Gupta, Ramesh C. (2011). Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. Academic Press. p. 22. ISBN9780123820334. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ^'Can You Get Pregnant after Ovulation?'. coveville.com. 2015-02-03. Retrieved 3 Feb 2015.
- ^'Fertilization: your pregnancy week by week'. medicalnewstoday.com. Retrieved 15 Feb 2016.
- ^Watson, Stephanie & Stacy, Kelli Miller (2010). 'The Endocrine System'. In McDowell, Julie (ed.). Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems. Greenwood. pp. 201–202. ISBN9780313391750. Retrieved 2013-11-09.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ^Depares J, Ryder RE, Walker SM, Scanlon MF, Norman CM (1986). 'Ovarian ultrasonography highlights precision of symptoms of ovulation as markers of ovulation'. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 292 (6535): 1562. doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6535.1562. PMC1340563. PMID3087519.
- ^'Usually, it occurs between the 10th and 20th day of your menstrual cycle'. momjunction. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- ^Navarrete-Palacios E, Hudson R, Reyes-Guerrero G, Guevara-Guzmán R (July 2003). 'Lower olfactory threshold during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle'. Biol Psychol. 63 (3): 269–79. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(03)00076-0. PMID12853171.
- ^Beckmann, Charles R.B., ed. (2010). Obstetrics and Gynecology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 306–307. ISBN9780781788076. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ^Susan B. Bullivant; Sarah A. Sellergren; Kathleen Stern; et al. (February 2004). 'Female's sexual experience during the menstrual cycle: identification of the sexual phase by noninvasive measurement of luteinizing hormone'. Journal of Sex Research. 41 (1): 82–93 (in online article, see pp.14–15, 18–22). doi:10.1080/00224490409552216. PMID15216427. Archived from the original on July 28, 2007.
- ^Roberts S, Havlicek J, Flegr J, Hruskova M, Little A, Jones B, Perrett D, Petrie M (August 2004). 'Female facial attractiveness increases during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle'. Proc Biol Sci. 271 (Suppl 5:S): 270–2. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0174. PMC1810066. PMID15503991.
- ^Dunson, D.B.; Baird, D.D.; Wilcox, A.J.; Weinberg, C.R. (1999). 'Day-specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy based on two studies with imperfect measures of ovulation'. Human Reproduction. 14 (7): 1835–1839. doi:10.1093/humrep/14.7.1835. ISSN1460-2350.
- ^'article in BBC News'. BBC. 2008-06-12.
- ^Page 54 in: Guillebaud, John; Enda McVeigh; Roy Homburg (2008). Oxford handbook of reproductive medicine and family planning. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-920380-2.
- ^ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2012). 'Health and fertility in World Health Organization group 2 anovulatory female'. Human Reproduction Update. 18 (5): 586–599. doi:10.1093/humupd/dms019. PMID22611175.
- ^ abcIVF.com > Ovulation InductionArchived 2012-02-26 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on Mars 7, 2010
- ^Bakker, J.; Baum, M. J. (July 2000). 'Neuroendocrine regulation of GnRH release in induced ovulators'. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 21 (3): 220–262. doi:10.1006/frne.2000.0198. ISSN0091-3022. PMID10882541.
- ^Nelson AL, Cwiak C (2011). 'Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)'. In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.). Contraceptive technology (20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 249–341. ISBN978-1-59708-004-0. ISSN0091-9721. OCLC781956734. pp. 257–258
- ^Endrikat J, Gerlinger C, Richard S, Rosenbaum P, Düsterberg B (December 2011). 'Ovulation inhibition doses of progestins: a systematic review of the available literature and of marketed preparations worldwide'. Contraception. 84 (6): 549–57. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.04.009. PMID22078182.
Further reading[edit]
- Baerwald AR, Adams GP, Pierson RA (July 2003). 'A new model for ovarian follicular development during the human menstrual cycle'. Fertil. Steril. 80 (1): 116–22. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00544-2. PMID12849812.
- Chabbert Buffet N, Djakoure C, Maitre SC, Bouchard P (July 1998). 'Regulation of the human menstrual cycle'. Front Neuroendocrinol. 19 (3): 151–86. doi:10.1006/frne.1998.0167. PMID9665835.
- Fortune JE (February 1994). 'Ovarian follicular growth and development in mammals'. Biol. Reprod. 50 (2): 225–32. doi:10.1095/biolreprod50.2.225. PMID8142540. Archived from the original on 2014-11-02.
- Guraya SS, Dhanju CK (November 1992). 'Mechanism of ovulation—an overview'. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 30 (11): 958–67. PMID1293040.
- Klowden, Marc J. (2009). 'Oviposition Behavior'. In Resh, Vincent H. & Carde, Ring T. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. ISBN9780080920900. Retrieved 2013-11-09.CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ovulation&oldid=900544998'